1.4 — Data Wrangling in the tidyverse — Practice

Answers

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Getting Set Up

Before we begin, start a new file with File \(\rightarrow\) New File \(\rightarrow\) R Script. As you work through this sheet in the console in R, also add (copy/paste) your commands that work into this new file. At the end, save it, and run to execute all of your commands at once.

First things first, load tidyverse.

library("tidyverse")

Warm Up to `dplyr` With `gapminder`

Question 1

Load gapminder. First, select() the variables year, lifeExp, country.

Question 2

select() all variables except pop.

Question 3

rename() continent to cont.

Question 4

arrange() by year.

Question 5

arrange() by year, but in descending order.

Question 6

arrange() by year, then by life expectancy.

Question 7

filter() observations with pop greater than 1 billion.

Question 8

Of those, look only at India.

Question 9

Try out the pipe (%>%) if you haven’t already, by chaining commands: select() your data to look only at year, gdpPercap, and country in the year 1997, for countries that have a gdpPercap greater than 20,000, and arrange() them alphabetically.

Question 10

mutate() a new variable called GDP that is equal to gdpPercap * pop.

Question 11

mutate() a new population variable that is the pop in millions.

Question 12

summarize() to get the average GDP per capita.

Question 13

Get the number of observations, average, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation for GDP per capita.

Question 14

Get the average GDP per capita over time. Hint, first group_by() year.

Question 15

Get the average GDP per capita by continent.

Question 16

Get the average GDP per capita by year and by continent. [Hint: do year first, if you do continent first, there are no years to group by!] Then save this as another tibble called gdp. Create a ggplot of a line graph of average continent GDP over time using the gdp data.

Question 17

Try it again all in one command with the pipe %>%. Instead of saving the data as gdp, pipe it right into ggplot! [Hint: You can use . as a placeholder.]

Example: the Economics of College Majors

Now let’s step it up to work with some data “in the wild” to answer some research questions. This will have you combine your dplyr skills and add some new things such as importing with readr.

Let’s look at fivethirtyeight’s article " The Economic Guide To Picking A College Major ". fivethirtyeight is great about making the data behind their articles public, we can download all of their data here. Search for college majors and click download (the blue arrow button). [This will download a .zip file that contains many spreadsheets. Unzip it with a program that unzips files (such as WinZip, 7-zip, the Unarchiver, etc).] We will look at the recent-grads.csv file.

The description in the readme file for the data is as follows:

Variable	Description
`Rank`	Rank by median earnings
`Major_code`	Major code, FO1DP in ACS PUMS
`Major`	Major description
`Major_category`	Category of major from Carnevale et al
`Total`	Total number of people with major
`Sample_size`	Sample size (unweighted) of full-time, year-round ONLY (used for earnings)
`Men`	Male graduates
`Women`	Female graduates
`ShareWomen`	Women as share of total
`Employed`	Number employed (ESR == 1 or 2)
`Full_time`	Employed 35 hours or more
`Part_time`	Employed less than 35 hours
`Full_time_year_round`	Employed at least 50 weeks (WKW == 1) and at least 35 hours (WKHP >= 35)
`Unemployed`	Number unemployed (ESR == 3)
`Unemployment_rate`	Unemployed / (Unemployed + Employed)
`Median`	Median earnings of full-time, year-round workers
`P25th`	25th percentile of earnigns
`P75th`	75th percentile of earnings
`College_jobs`	Number with job requiring a college degree
`Non_college_jobs`	Number with job not requiring a college degree
`Low_wage_jobs`	Number in low-wage service jobs

Question 18

Import the data with read_csv() and assign it to an object called majors. [One way to avoid error messages is to move (on your computer) recent_grads.csv to the same folder as R’s working directory, which again you can check with getwd().] The first argument of this command is the name of the original file, in quotes. [If the file is in a different folder, the argument is the full path in quotes.]

Question 19

Look at the data with glimpse(). This is a suped-up version of str() in tidyverse.

Question 20

What are all of the unique values of Major? How many are there?

Question 21

Which major has the lowest unemployment rate?

Question 22

What are the top 3 majors that have the highest percentage of women?

Question 23

Make a boxplot of Median wage by Major_Category. [You won’t be able to read the labels easily, so add theme(axis.text.x=element_text(angle=45, hjust=1) to angle x-axis labels (and move them down by 1)]

Question 24

Which major category is the least popular in this sample? [Hint: use group_by first.]

Question 25

Is there a systematic difference in median earnings between STEM majors and non-STEM majors? First define:

stem_categories <- c("Biology & Life Science",
                     "Computers & Mathematics",
                     "Engineering",
                     "Physical Sciences")

Next, make a variable called stem, for whether or not a Major_category is "stem" or "not_stem". Then summarize() median for stem and not stem groups.

[Hint: try out the ifelse() function which has three inputs: condition(s) for a variable(s), what to do if TRUE (the if), and what to if FALSE (the else), i.e.

stem = ifelse(my_conditions,
       yes = do_this_if_TRUE,
       no = do_this_if_FALSE)

You’ll of course need to change the do_this into something! ]

Last updated on Sep 7, 2021